本文研究了无限二维希尔伯特空间之间线性算子的学习。训练数据包括希尔伯特空间中的一对随机输入向量以及在未知的自我接合线性运算符下的嘈杂图像。假设操作员在已知的基础上是对角线化的，则该工作解决了给定数据估算操作员特征值的等效反问题。采用贝叶斯方法，理论分析在无限的数据限制中建立了后部收缩率，而高斯先验者与反向问题的正向图没有直接相关。主要结果还包括学习理论的概括错误保证了广泛的分配变化。这些收敛速率分别量化了数据平滑度和真实特征值衰减或生长的影响，分别是紧凑或无界操作员对样品复杂性的影响。数值证据支持对角线和非对角性环境中的理论。

我们为特殊神经网络架构，称为运营商复发性神经网络的理论分析，用于近似非线性函数，其输入是线性运算符。这些功能通常在解决方案算法中出现用于逆边值问题的问题。传统的神经网络将输入数据视为向量，因此它们没有有效地捕获与对应于这种逆问题中的数据的线性运算符相关联的乘法结构。因此，我们介绍一个类似标准的神经网络架构的新系列，但是输入数据在向量上乘法作用。由较小的算子出现在边界控制中的紧凑型操作员和波动方程的反边值问题分析，我们在网络中的选择权重矩阵中促进结构和稀疏性。在描述此架构后，我们研究其表示属性以及其近似属性。我们还表明，可以引入明确的正则化，其可以从所述逆问题的数学分析导出，并导致概括属性上的某些保证。我们观察到重量矩阵的稀疏性改善了概括估计。最后，我们讨论如何将运营商复发网络视为深度学习模拟，以确定诸如用于从边界测量的声波方程中重建所未知的WAVESTED的边界控制的算法算法。

Predicting discrete events in time and space has many scientific applications, such as predicting hazardous earthquakes and outbreaks of infectious diseases. History-dependent spatio-temporal Hawkes processes are often used to mathematically model these point events. However, previous approaches have faced numerous challenges, particularly when attempting to forecast one or multiple future events. In this work, we propose a new neural architecture for multi-event forecasting of spatio-temporal point processes, utilizing transformers, augmented with normalizing flows and probabilistic layers. Our network makes batched predictions of complex history-dependent spatio-temporal distributions of future discrete events, achieving state-of-the-art performance on a variety of benchmark datasets including the South California Earthquakes, Citibike, Covid-19, and Hawkes synthetic pinwheel datasets. More generally, we illustrate how our network can be applied to any dataset of discrete events with associated markers, even when no underlying physics is known.

我们研究了由覆盖在R ^ M中的N维歧管支持的概率措施的近似 - 由可逆流和单层注射部件组成的神经网络。当M <= 3N时，我们显示R ^ n和r ^ m之间的注射流量在可扩展的嵌入物图像中支持的普遍近似措施，这是标准嵌入的适当子集。在这个制度拓扑障碍物中，拓扑障碍能够作为可允许的目标。当m> = 3n + 1时，我们使用称为*清洁技巧*的代数拓扑的论点来证明拓扑障碍物消失和注射般的流动普遍近似任何可分辨率的嵌入。沿途，我们表明，可以在Brehmer et Cranmer 2020中的猜想中建立“反向”可以建立铭刻流动网络的最优性。此外，设计的网络可以简单，它们可以配备其他属性，例如一个新的投影结果。

Dataset scaling, also known as normalization, is an essential preprocessing step in a machine learning pipeline. It is aimed at adjusting attributes scales in a way that they all vary within the same range. This transformation is known to improve the performance of classification models, but there are several scaling techniques to choose from, and this choice is not generally done carefully. In this paper, we execute a broad experiment comparing the impact of 5 scaling techniques on the performances of 20 classification algorithms among monolithic and ensemble models, applying them to 82 publicly available datasets with varying imbalance ratios. Results show that the choice of scaling technique matters for classification performance, and the performance difference between the best and the worst scaling technique is relevant and statistically significant in most cases. They also indicate that choosing an inadequate technique can be more detrimental to classification performance than not scaling the data at all. We also show how the performance variation of an ensemble model, considering different scaling techniques, tends to be dictated by that of its base model. Finally, we discuss the relationship between a model's sensitivity to the choice of scaling technique and its performance and provide insights into its applicability on different model deployment scenarios. Full results and source code for the experiments in this paper are available in a GitHub repository.\footnote{https://github.com/amorimlb/scaling\_matters}

Pre-trained language models (LMs) store knowledge in their parameters and can generate informative responses when used in conversational systems. However, LMs suffer from the problem of "hallucination:" they may generate plausible-looking statements that are irrelevant or factually incorrect. To address this problem, we propose a contrastive learning scheme, named MixCL. A novel mixed contrastive objective is proposed to explicitly optimize the implicit knowledge elicitation process of LMs, and thus reduce their hallucination in conversations. We also examine negative sampling strategies of retrieved hard negatives and model-generated negatives. We conduct experiments on Wizard-of-Wikipedia, a public, open-domain knowledge-grounded dialogue benchmark, and assess the effectiveness of MixCL. MixCL effectively reduces the hallucination of LMs in conversations and achieves the highest performance among LM-based dialogue agents in terms of relevancy and factuality. We show that MixCL achieves comparable performance to state-of-the-art KB-based approaches while enjoying notable advantages in terms of efficiency and scalability.

Decades of progress in simulation-based surrogate-assisted optimization and unprecedented growth in computational power have enabled researchers and practitioners to optimize previously intractable complex engineering problems. This paper investigates the possible benefit of a concurrent utilization of multiple simulation-based surrogate models to solve complex discrete optimization problems. To fulfill this, the so-called Self-Adaptive Multi-surrogate Assisted Efficient Global Optimization algorithm (SAMA-DiEGO), which features a two-stage online model management strategy, is proposed and further benchmarked on fifteen binary-encoded combinatorial and fifteen ordinal problems against several state-of-the-art non-surrogate or single surrogate assisted optimization algorithms. Our findings indicate that SAMA-DiEGO can rapidly converge to better solutions on a majority of the test problems, which shows the feasibility and advantage of using multiple surrogate models in optimizing discrete problems.

Existing natural language understanding (NLU) models often rely on dataset biases rather than intended task-relevant features to achieve high performance on specific datasets. As a result, these models perform poorly on datasets outside the training distribution. Some recent studies address the above issue by reducing the weights of biased samples during the training process. However, these methods still encode biased latent features in representations and neglect the dynamic nature of bias, which hinders model prediction. We propose an NLU debiasing method, named debiasing contrastive learning (DCT), to simultaneously alleviate the above problems based on contrastive learning. We devise a debiasing positive sampling strategy to mitigate biased latent features by selecting the least similar biased positive samples. We also propose a dynamic negative sampling strategy to capture the dynamic influence of biases by employing a bias-only model to dynamically select the most similar biased negative samples. We conduct experiments on three NLU benchmark datasets. Experimental results show that DCT outperforms state-of-the-art baselines on out-of-distribution datasets while maintaining in-distribution performance. We also verify that DCT can reduce biased latent features from the model's representations.

分析脑电图时，神经科医生经常在寻找各种“感兴趣的事件”。为了在这项任务中支持他们，已经开发了各种基于机器学习的算法。这些算法中的大多数将问题视为分类，从而独立处理信号段并忽略了持续时间事件固有的时间依赖性。在推理时，必须在处理后进行处理以检测实际事件。我们提出了一种基于深度学习的端到端事件检测方法（EventNet），该方法直接与事件一起作为学习目标，从临时的后处理方案逐渐消失，以将模型输出转化为事件。我们将EventNet与用于人工制品和癫痫发作检测的最新方法进行了比较，这两种事件类型具有高度可变的持续时间。 EventNet在检测两种事件类型方面显示出改进的性能。这些结果表明，将事件视为直接学习目标的力量，而不是使用临时后处理来获取它们。我们的事件检测框架可以轻松地扩展到信号处理中的其他事件检测问题，因为深度学习骨干链不取决于任何特定于任务的功能。

近年来，出于计算机视觉目的，将图像传输到远程服务器的传输急剧增加。在许多应用程序（例如监视）中，图像主要是用于自动分析的，并且很少被人类看到。在这种情况下，使用传统的压缩在比特率方面效率低下，这可能是由于关注基于人类的失真指标。因此，重要的是创建特定的图像编码方法，以供人类和机器联合使用。创建这种编解码器的机器侧的一种方法是在深神经网络中执行某些中间层执行机器任务的功能匹配。在这项工作中，我们探讨了用于培训人类和机器可学习的编解码器时所使用的层选择的效果。我们证明，使用数据处理不平等，从速率延伸的意义上讲，更深层的匹配特征是可取的。接下来，我们通过重新培训现有的可扩展人机编码模型来从经验上确认我们的发现。在我们的实验中，我们显示了这种可扩展模型的人类和机器方面的权衡，并讨论了在这方面使用更深层进行训练的好处。